In the beginning… There was a misinterpretation of the phrase “Mantra!”
We both understand what that term implies, of course… do we not? To the best of my recollection, yeah. Collins English Dictionary: “speech, (an) tool of thought, from person to think; whatever sacred word or word used as an object or concentration and embodying a certain element of spiritual power.”
Did you keep it in mind?
My (ex-)classmate and good buddy “William S.” and I just picked up where we left off in our ongoing communication. Regarding the benefits and drawbacks of a university education, Brown’s 2004–2005 class at The Berean Institute’s College of Business Administration and Computer Sciences had some interesting things to say. I, like “Brother Will,” have studied on the “Community College of Philadelphia” and “Temple University” (Anderson Hall) campuses via PASCEP and M. k. Enterprises.
… The skyrocketing price of higher education is something we can all agree on. Why is there a price tag on education at all?
Even though we both took jobs that called for technical knowledge, we still need to make a living, so we went ahead and accepted them. But should they be made if it means cutting funding for schools and those trying to get degrees in fields where they can make a living wage? When did we stop passing on knowledge the “master & the apprentice” approach, when one person trains another to become an expert at a craft that may be used for a lifetime? As I recall… I remember when numerous skills and home economics were being taught not solely in homes and local businesses, but in public institutions as well. Before the 1980s and 1990s, many companies and recruiters in Philadelphia relied on high schools to find new employees.
What happened to it all?
To answer the question, “What Is an Algorithm? “… Is it fair that this is an offensive strategy; Data (a Process Flow Diagram)?
Will and I contemplated, “What Might We Do With It?”
When faced with a problem, people often ask, “What am we about to do… how will we doing about it?”
Is there an alternative option for students and information seekers besides incurring massive amounts of debt by attending pricey universities and technical institutes?
They’re the kind of inquiries that have driven this author to establish himself as a reliable wordsmith…
This writer, I can assure you, will make every effort to advocate for and fund educational opportunities for all people everywhere.”… Either In This Life, Or The Next!”
The author’s goal in submitting essays, articles, books, & social media posts is to provide learners and educational seekers with a “Leg-up” in their quests for enlightenment and knowledge.
An excerpt from the author’s manifesto reads, “It is my commitment, personal profound predisposition to indefatigably inscribe beyond the annals of life and time in the name of education as well as Information, my contribution(s) in the administration of “Free Education as well as Self-Help” Publication(s) For Anyone And All – Across The Globe And Beyond!”
Chapter 30 of The Book, pages 137 to 215.
The Just One Thing I Do Know Is… How to Make Sense of IT
Definitions Covering the Entire Spectrum of IT:
Example(s):
ActiveX:
Microsoft’s unbounded collection of technologies. ActiveX evolved from Microsoft’s OLE (Object Linking & Embedding) & COM (Component Management Model) technologies. ActiveX is a perplexing term since it describes a wide range of COM-based technologies. However, when asked to describe ActiveX technology, most individuals can only think of ActiveX controls.
Ad Hoc:
Summary of the Research Team:
An spontaneous network is an unstructured grouping of routers (and related hosts) interconnected over wireless networks. Since the routers may move about and arrange themselves anyway they choose, the wireless architecture of the network is subject to quick and unpredictable changes. A network like this may function independently, or it can be linked to the wider Internet and function as a mixture of fixed/ad hoc network.
The research and development of ad hoc networks is the focus of this community. Ad hoc networks are intricate systems due to the presence of cross-layer system dynamics and interactions, most notably between the physical, link, and network (IP) levels, that are absent in wired systems. Ad hoc network behavior research might aid the IETF community and the larger research community by paving the way for innovative routing protocol development. This study team will try to learn enough about its chosen fields to carry out the necessary protocol specification work.
ADO:
The abbreviation for “ActiveX Data Objects,” the newest a high degree interface for “data objects” developed by Microsoft. Data Access Objects (also known as the & Remote Database Objects (RDO) are two predecessors of ADO that it intends to ultimately replace. While RDO and DAO are limited to querying relational databases, ADO may be used to get any kind of information from any kind of document, such as web pages or spreadsheets.
ADO, along with OLE DB & ODBC, is a key part of Microsoft’s Ultimate Data Access (UDA) protocol, which aims to standardize data access independent of the underlying data model.
Functions in the Aggregate
The MIN function returns the value that is the lowest in a column, the MAX function returns the biggest amount in a column, the COUNT function returns the entire amount of values in a column, and the COUNT(*) function returns the number about rows in a table.
The SELECT statement’s “returned column representing numeric data” may be used in conjunction with aggregate functions to do calculations. They are essentially summaries of the outcomes of a specified column of data.
Adapter for Graphics Ports (AGP):
AGP is an abbreviation for “Accelerated Graphics Port,” the official name of the interface standard that Intel created. Although it shares DNA with PCI, AGP is tailored to the data transfer rates required by 3D graphics. AGP replaces the PCI bus with a dedicated a point to channel for graphics data, allowing the graphics controller direct access to main memory. The AGP channel supports speeds of 66 MHz and a width of 32 bits. As a result, the combined bandwidth is 266 MBps, which is much more than the PCI frequency of 133 MBps. Both 533 MBps & 1.07 GBps throughputs are available as alternatively-enabled faster options for AGP. Furthermore, AGP enables the storage of 3D textures in main memory as opposed to video memory.
AGP:
Define AGP.
AGP is an abbreviation for “Accelerated Graphics Port,” the official name of the interface standard that Intel created. Although it shares DNA with PCI, AGP is tailored to the data transfer rates required by 3D graphics.
PCI:
Function Card for Interconnecting Peripheral Components.
Algorithm:
Information (the flowchart) and a plan of action.
A method or formula for arriving at a solution to a mathematical issue. An algorithm is a collection of rules that can be followed without ambiguity and that terminate at a predetermined point. Languages that are natural like English or French, as well as computer languages like FORTRAN, may all be used to represent algorithms.
Algorithms are ingrained into our daily lives. An algorithm may be a recipe for making a cake. Algorithms are the building blocks of almost all programs, AI exceptions alone. One of the most difficult aspects of programming is coming up with new, elegant algorithms. These are algorithms that accomplish their task with the fewest number of steps feasible.
Archive of genetic algorithms Databank for studies using genetic algorithms. You may find a schedule of events, archived issues, connections to relevant research sites, message boards, and even source code here.
The most beautiful facial features were analyzed in this research.
The purpose of this research was to identify the characteristics of the most desirable facial features. This exemplifies the use of a genetic algorithm in a multi-generational study of genetic inheritance. Common programming issues and their respective algorithms
Includes code solutions for typical programming issues. The document also includes suggestions on how to realize the algorithms in other programming languages. Example of a Challenge using Genetic Algorithms
This page depicts the answer to the “traveling salesman problem,” or the question of “how should a salesman best organize his schedule in order to visit each of the 50 states in the shortest amount of time?” The answers were generated using a genetic algorithm. This is an age-old conundrum, and modern solutions rely on algorithms.
Similar: (adj.)
An analog (or analogue) system is one that uses physical quantities that change over time to express numerical values. A clock with hands that wander around the face indefinitely is a common example of an analog gadget. Any hour of day might be shown on such a clock. A digital clock, on the other hand, can only display a certain interval of time (every tenth of seconds, for instance). In most cases, people make sense of the world by drawing parallels. The human visual system, for instance, is analog because it processes endlessly subtle changes in form and color. When discussing information storage and transmission, the term “analog format” refers to a system in which data is sent by amplifying or changing the frequency of a continuously broadcasting signal. Telephones, for instance, convert acoustic waves into corresponding electrical vibrations before sending them through analog lines. The same is true for radio wave broadcasts. Since computers often deal with digital data, they rely on modems to convert digital signals to analog before sending them across communication lines like telephone lines, which can only transport analog signals. At the receiving end, the signals are converted back into their original digital form (demodulated) so that the computer can read and analyze the information.
ANSI:
American National Standards Institute; abbreviation. Established in 1918, Iso is a non-profit standards body with nearly 1,300 affiliates (including all the major computer firms). For instance, the C programming language has an ANSI-approved variant called ANSI C. All ANSI C (American National Standards Institute) Compilers, regardless of the manufacturer, should function identically.
ANSI doesn’t only standardize programming languages; it also regulates the electrical industry and the protocols used in electronic communication. The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) standard is one such example of an ANSI standard.
Information on the National Committee to earn Information Technology Standards (NCITS), which works to develop market-driven, consensus-based standards on a voluntary basis in areas like multimedia, computer networking, storage media, the form of databases, security, and languages for programming.
The ANSI homepage has articles, upcoming events, a searchable database of standards, and resources for furthering one’s education and professional development. Conformity to Standards: ANSI
Provides context for the importance of ANSI and standards.
API:
A shorthand form of “Application Programme Interface,” which refers to a collection of programs, protocols, and tools used in the creation of software programs. An excellent API simplifies program creation by furnishing all the necessary components. A coder is responsible for assembling the parts.
Most OSes, including Microsoft Windows, provide developers with an API for writing apps that work properly on that OS. While application programming interfaces (APIs) were originally developed with developers in mind, the benefits they provide end users cannot be overstated. This facilitates the process of learning unfamiliar software. OS X’s DPMI (Protected Mode Interface)
This document is a copy to the DOS Protective Mode Interface standard for DOS extended programs, intended for use as a reference for software developers. Provides a short explanation of Microsoft’s Internet Servers API (ISAPI) and includes a link to other resources about CGI.
APM:
A shorthand for Intel’s and Microsoft’s Advanced Power Management Application Programming Interface, which enables power management to be implemented in BIOSes. To protect the programmer from being bogged down in the specifics of the hardware, APM establishes a barrier between the hardware & the operating system.
Applet:
Applets are little programs that may be launched inside of larger ones. Downloading an applet is fast and easy, and once it’s in the user’s browser, it may be used right away. Multiple applets may coexist in the same document and share data and processes. When it comes to developing applets for usage on the World Wide Web, Java is a popular choice.
Application:
An application or suite of applications targeted towards final consumers. There are two primary categories of software: systems apps and application software. Systems software is made up of simple programs that have just the most fundamental degree of interaction with the computer. These are things like OSes, compilers, and resource management tools.
Database management systems, word processors, & spreadsheet applications are all examples of what is known as applications software (or end-user programs). Because it requires the OS and other system utilities to function, applications software “sits” atop the systems software.
Argument:
A parameter is a value that is sent to a method in a program. SQRT(25) gives 5 since it is the product of the square roots of 25, assuming that SQRT is a function that returns that square base of a given number. The argument is the number 25.
The two terms are commonly used interchangeably, however a parameter may refer to any changeable value. While parameters may be supplied both ways, arguments can only be passed in one manner; this difference is not universally made in programming languages.
The term “commandline argument” is used to refer to an argument that is a choice to a command.
Intelligence simulation:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the subfield of computer science that aims to make machines mimic human behavior. John McCarthy of the Massachusetts Museum of Technology came up with the word in 1956.
Examples of AI may be found in
- game programming, including chess, checkers, and other board games played on computers
- expert systems, which include the programming of computers to make choices in real-world scenarios (some expert systems, for instance, aid physicians in making diagnoses based on patient symptoms).
- natural language processing, or nlp, the process of teaching computers to interpret spoken language
- Neural networks such as Systems that seek to mimic the structural connections seen in animal brains in order to build a convincing simulation of intelligence.
- robotics, whereby computers are taught to sense the world visually, aurally, and tactilely;
None of today’s computers are really intelligent (in the sense of being able to mimic human actions). The gaming industry has seen the most development. The top chess algorithms on computers can currently compete successfully against human experts. The global chess champ Gary Kasparov was beaten by IBM’s supercomputer Deep Blue in May 1997.
Computers are increasingly often utilized in robots at assembly facilities, however they have limited capabilities. Robots still have a hard time distinguishing between similar-looking or textured things, and they are clumsy when it comes to moving and handling objects.
Because it would enable individuals to connect with computers without requiring any specialist training, natural-language processing provides the highest potential benefits. Talking to a computer would be as easy as walking up to it. Unfortunately, it has proven to be more challenging than anticipated to teach computers to comprehend natural languages via programming. There are now some primitive translation systems that can translate between human languages, although they are not nearly as accurate as human translators. It’s also possible to use a speech recognition system, which will transcribe your voice into text without really comprehending what you’re saying. These devices still have significant limitations; you should talk slowly and clearly.
Expert systems were held up as the pinnacle of AI and computer technology in the early 1980s. However, they have fallen short of the mark so far. It’s incredibly costly to create and only useful under exceptional circumstances, yet many expert systems aid human specialists in disciplines like medicine and engineering.
Neural networks, the current darling of AI, are showing promise in a variety of applications, including speech recognition and NLP.
Several programming languages have earned the moniker “AI languages” due to their nearly exclusive usage in AI programs. Common ones include the LISP and Prolog languages.
A Word About Numara
Offers Track-It!, a Neural Network-Based Help Desk, and More! Web-based employee and consumer self-service and expert problem-solving by use of help desk software.
Search engine for companies looking for software, services, resellers, and hardware related to hundreds of IT solutions & providers of intelligent software.
Index of abstracts for approximately 700 AI and clever software applications. Research in Artificial Intelligence at MIT
Links to AAAI events, including as conferences and symposia, as well as publications, seminars, resources, and more, are provided on this site. AI Lab at MIT’s main website
Home of SRI International’s Intelligent Systems Center (AIC), one among world’s foremost research facilities in the field of artificial intelligence. Their research projects, personnel, and scholarly output are all described here.
Research at the University of Toronto’s Centre for Neural Computer Applications (CNCA) focuses on using neural computing or SMART software to address real-world challenges. Project information, publications, comprehensive linked links pages, and current AI/neural computing news may all be found on this site. The Outsider’s Guide to Artificial Intelligence details the evolution of the field and provides background on topics such as the LISP programming language, NLP, hardware, expert systems, social behavior, message screening, robotics, and more.
AS (AS/400):
Abbreviation for Self-Reliant Machine
A collection of autonomous networks that operate together and use the same routing protocol is known as an autonomous system (AS). Packets inside an AS are routed using an internal gateways protocol and shared metrics, whereas packets between ASs are routed using an external gateway protocol.
ASCII:
American Standard Code for Information Exchange; abbreviation.
The acronym stands for “American Standard Code for Information Interchange,” and it is used to represent English characters as integers (ranging from 0 to 127). ASCII code 77 represents the letter “M” in uppercase.
Data communication between computers is made feasible by the widespread usage of the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) to represent text.
ASCII files are documents that are stored in the ASCII format. While ASCII storage is supported by most text editors & word processors, it is not typically chosen as the primary storage format. Most data files, especially those containing numerical information, do not use the ASCII format. The ASCII format is never used for storing executable code.
The typical ASCII character utilizes just 7 of the available bits. Eight bits allows for 128 more characters, making it possible for bigger character sets to employ 8 bits. The non-English letters, visual symbols, & mathematical symbols are represented by the additional characters.
Many groups and businesses have advocated larger lengths of time in terms of 128 characters. Extended ASCII, sometimes known as high ASCII, is a superset of ASCII used by the DOS operating system. The ISO Latin 1 character set is more widely supported and is used by a wide variety of operating systems and web browsers.
EBCDIC is a further set of codes used on IBM mainframes.
ASIC:
A chip created for a specific use; pronounced “ay-sik”; as contrast to the general-purpose integrated circuits that regulate PC components like RAM. The components of an ASIC are assembled in novel configurations. Producing a new ASIC is substantially simpler than designing a new chip starting scratch since the components that are required already can be found in a library.
Many personal digital assistants and car computers employ application-specific integrated circuits.
ASM:
Oracle Database 10g has a feature called Automatic Storage Management (ASM), which gives the database administrator a streamlined interface for managing storage that works with any server or storage system. ASM is an Oracle-specific vertically linked file system & volume manager that combines the speed of synchronous execution I/O with the convenience of file-system administration. With the capabilities provided by ASM, DBAs may more efficiently manage a dynamic relational environment while also saving time.
ATA:
A shorthand for Innovative Technology Attachment, an integrated controller disk drive solution. The Small Size Factor (SFF) Committee has created many ATA variants:
- ATA, sometimes referred to as IDE, is capable of handling a maximum of three external drives, a 16-bit interface, and PIO modes 0 through 2.
- ATA-2 allows for both multiword DMA mode 1 and 2 and faster PIO mode 3 and 4. In addition, LBA and block transfers are supported. Fast ATA and Extended IDE (EIDE) are brand names for ATA-2.
- ATA-3 is a minor update to ATA-2.
- Ultra-ATA: Also known as Ultra-DMA, ATA-33, & DMA-33, this technology allows for 33 MBps of data transfer in multiword DMA mode 3.
- ATA/66: An ATA variant suggested by Quantum Corporation and backed by Intel, which doubles Sata’s throughput to 66 MBps.
Data transmission speeds may be increased from 66 MBps using the newer ATA/100 standard. In contrast to Serial ATA, ATA is sometimes referred to as Parallel ATA.
In contrast to Serial ATA, ATA is sometimes referred to as Parallel ATA.
The term “backplane” (bak’plan) is used to refer to the secondary plane.
Connectors on one circuit board that allow for the insertion of connectors from other boards. The term “backplane” is often reserved for the massive PC circuit board that houses expansion card slots.
It’s common to classify backplanes as “active” or “passive.” In addition to the sockets, active backplanes also have logical circuitry that performs computational tasks. Passive backplanes, on the other hand, have very little in the way of electronic circuitry. Until recently, most personal computers relied on active backplanes. In fact, motherboard and backplane have always meant the same thing. However, recently there has been a shift toward passive backplanes, where active components like the CPU are installed on a separate board. Repairing damaged parts or replacing them with newer models is simplified by passive back planes.
Bandwidth:
Within a certain range of frequencies or wavelengths, (1)arrange.
(2)The total quantity of information that may be sent in a given length of time. Bandwidth is often measured in bits per second (bps) or bytes per second (bps) for digital devices. Hertz (Hz) is the unit of measurement for the bandwidth of an analog device.
For input/output gadgets, bandwidth is crucial. A fast disk drive, for instance, may be impeded by a slow bus. This is essentially why new PC buses like AGP were created.
Bandwidth:
To what do we attribute the term “bandwidth,” exactly?
Transmission capacity is the maximum quantity of data that can be sent in a given length of time.
BitMap:
A bit map is a data structure that uses a matrix of pixels to represent an image or, in layman’s words, a whole picture. A bitmap’s resolution and bit depth are both flexible. To put it simply, a bitmap is just a collection of images.
A graphical picture stored in a computer’s memory in the form of rows and columns of dots. One or more pieces of information are used to store the value of each dot, whether it is filled in or not. Each dot may be represented by a single bit of data in monochrome photos, but in color and grayscale images, additional bits of information are needed. Increasing the number of bits utilized to represent a dot allows for a wider range of colors and gradations of gray.
How finely a picture is rendered is dependent on the resolution, which is the number of pixels used. Dots per inch (dpi) or a simple number of rows and columns, such 640 by 480, are common ways to describe this.
The computer converts the bitmap into pixels (for monitors) or ink dots (for printers) in order to show or print the picture. In order to function, optical scanners and fax machines must convert the images and text on paper into digital bitmaps.
Rastergraphics is another name for bitmaps. Vector graphics, often known as object-oriented graphics, are another picture representation approach. of vector graphics, all the forms of an image are defined by mathematical formulae. Scaling vector images maintains their original visual quality, making them more versatile than bit-mapped drawings. Bit-mapped images, on the other hand, seem jagged whether scaled up or down.
Scalable fonts, outline fonts, and vector fonts are various names for the same thing: typefaces represented by vector graphics. The most well-known vector font system is Post Script, which is also an example. Bit-mapped typefaces, often known as raster fonts, are device- and screen-specific and need careful consideration while being created.
A graphical picture stored in a computer’s memory in the form of rows and columns of dots. One or more pieces of information are used to store the value of each dot, whether it is filled in or not. One bit is enough to represent each dot in a monochrome picture, but for colors and gradations of gray, more data is needed. The greater the number of bits utilized to represent a dot, the greater the range of colors and tones that may be shown.
How finely a picture is rendered is dependent on the resolution, which is the number of pixels used. Dots per inch (dpi) or a simple number of rows and columns, such 640 by 480, are common ways to describe this.
The computer converts the bitmap into pixels (for display screens) or inkdots (for printers) in order to show or print the picture. In order to function, optical scanners and fax machines convert the images and text on paper into digital bitmaps.
Bit-mapped graphics, also known as raster graphics, are one way to represent pictures, while vector graphics, also known as object-oriented graphics, are another. of vector graphics, all the forms of an image are defined by mathematical formulae. Scaling vector images maintains their original visual quality, making them more versatile than bit-mapped drawings. Bitmapped, low-contrast images seem jagged when scaled up or down.
Scalable fonts, outline fonts, and vector fonts are various names for the same thing: typefaces represented by vector graphics. The most well-known vector font system is Post Script, which is also an example. Bit-mappedfonts, often known as rasterfonts, need careful consideration of the screen size and resolution of the intended device.
One kind of algebra called BOOLEAN reduces all possible values to True or False.
Boolean expressions include expressions like 25 (2islessthan5), which yields True.
BPDU:
Term for the information sent across bridges. Across the switches of a spanning tree protocol-based extended LAN, data packets known as BPDUs are sent along. The data is routed correctly thanks to the BPDU packets, which provide details such as ports, addresses, priority, and charges. Loops in a network topology may be found by exchanging BPDU messages across bridges. Remove the loops by establishing backup or blocked states on redundant switch ports and turning off specified bridge interfaces.
This very technical explanation of the spanning tree protocol’s inner workings is provided by Cisco Systems.
BPM:
BPM is an abbreviation for “Business Process Management” and refers to the steps taken in order to improve a company’s workflow. Software applications facilitate such tasks. BPM tools are shorthand for business process management tools.
Intelligence for Business Use:
In most industries, vast amounts of data are gathered from daily operations.
Excel, Access, and other database systems for specific divisions would be only the beginning of what would be needed to keep track of all that data. Data retrieval and analysis become more laborious when you have to switch between several applications.
Business intelligence (BI) describes a set of resources important to an organization’s capacity for strategic planning. These platforms let businesses to centrally collect, store, retrieve, and analyze information for better decision making. Customer profiling, customer service, market research, market segmentation, product profitability, statistical analysis, and inventory and distribution analysis are only few of the areas that may be shown by these systems as examples of business intelligence.
C:
Dennis Ritchie of Bell Labs fame created this high-level language in the 1970s.
‘C’ was created to be used for systems programming, but it has since shown to be a robust and versatile language used in fields as diverse as commerce and engineering. C is favored by PC programmers due to its compact size and lower memory requirements compared to other languages. For a long time, C was inextricably tied with the UNIX operating system since it was the first important software built in C. C, however, has emerged as a significant language in its own right outside of UNIX.
C is a high-level programming language, yet it is considerably more similar to assembly than other high-level languages. C programmers are able to develop efficient code because of the language’s proximity to the underlying machine language. However, C’s low-level nature means it’s not always the easiest language to work with.
These are just some of the kind of things you may expect to learn from this “Self-Help” book of Technical Information… “IT/BI!”
This book’s material contains valuable resources for any reader interested in the subject matter. I really hope that both the ‘STUDENT’ and the ‘READER’ will find the material and information presented here useful.